MICROBIAL HEALTH WORLD

Pathology EXAMINATION OF BLOOD:  INTRODUCTION: Blood has always been considered class evidence in forensic Science. • Individualized blood evidence is possible in the near future.  NATURE OF BLOOD: • Slightly alkaline fluid • Circulates throughout our bodies, nourishing our cells, transporting oxygen and waste. • Fluid portion of blood consists of plasma and serum . • Non-fluid portion consists of red blood cells which outnumber white cells by five hundred to one • Blood is composed of: o Water o Cells o Enzymes o Proteins o Other inorganic substances RED BLOOD CELLS: • Most prevalent blood cells in the human body. • Deliver oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues. • Forensic analyst search for smaller chemical substances residing on their surfaces (ie. antigens), which also tend to have important forensic implications. SERUM: • Characterized by its yellow hue, and contains white blood cells and platelets. • Forensic analysts able to determine the freshness of ...

Medical MCB WHAT IS STOOL CULTURE? INTRODUCTION : If you’ve been having stomach problems, your doctor might order a stool culture or ask for a stool sample. This test can look in your poop for bacteria, a virus, or other germs that might be making you sick. WHY DO WE NEED IT? Your doctor could order this test if you show any of these symptoms: - Diarrhea that lasts more than a few days - Poop that contains blood or mucus - Stomach pain or cramping - Nausea - Throwing up - Fever Your doctor may be more concerned if: - You’re very young or elderly - You have a weakened immune system - You’ve traveled outside the United States - You’ve eaten contaminated food or water - Your symptoms are severe HOW STOOL CULTURE IS DONE: You’ll need to give your doctor a sample of your poop. You won’t need to do this at the doctor’s office. Instead, you’ll be given a special container with a lid to take home. This may have your name and birthdate on it. If not, you can write it on ...

Mycology CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI:   1.Fungi are eukaryotic organisms means they have true nucleus which are enclosed in membranes. 2. They are non-vascular organisms. They do not have vascular system. Xylem and Phloem are absent. 3. Fungi have cell walls (plants also have cell walls, but animals have no cell walls). 4. There is no embryonic stage for fungi. 5. They reproduce by means of spores. There are sexual and asexual spores. Sexual spores are Oospores, Zygospores, Ascospores, Basidiospores, etc. and Asexual spores are Sporangiospores, Aplanospores, Zoospores, Conidia, etc. 6. Depending on the species and conditions both sexual and asexual spores may be produced. 7. They are typically non-motile. 8. Fungi exhibit the phenomenon of alteration of generation.  9. They have both haploid and diploid stage. 10. Fungi are achlorophyllous, which means they lack the chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplasts in plant cells and which are necessary for photosynthe...

 MICROBIAL HEALTH WORLD Laboratory Test:   KETONES IN URINE TEST: INTRODUCTION: The detection of ketones in the urine is a simple process that can be performed through a urine dipstick called the ketone in the urine test. OBJECTIVES: - The objective of the test is to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. - The results from the ketones in urine tests can vary from quantitative with a specific number to qualitative as a small, moderate, or a large amount of ketones. PRINCIPLE: - The ketone in the urine test detects acetoacetic acid and acetone in the urine. - The principle of the ketone in the urine test is that the keto-group of acetone and acetoacetic acid reacts with alkaline nitroprusside to form a purple-colored complex. - Based on the intensity of the color, the quantitative or qualitative analysis of ketone in urine can be done. PROCEDURE: 1. Before the sample collection, hands should be washed. 2. Then the genital area is cleaned with...

HYDROXYCHLOROQUIN: INTRODUCTION AND INTERACTION IN COVID_19  Pharmaceuitical MCB WHAT IS HYDROXYCHOLOROQUIN? - Hydroxychloroquine is a drug that has been used for decades in the treatment of malaria.  - The brand name for hydroxychloroquine is Plaquenil. - It belongs to the group of 4-aminoquinolines and which is listed by the World Health Organisation as one of the most essential drugs, safest and most effective medicines needed in the health care systems. - Hydroxychloroquine is the milder form of chloroquine and it is also known as hydroxychloroquine sulfate.  - Besides being an antimalarial drug it is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken orally, through the mouth. CHARACTERISTICS: 1. It is a lipophilic weak base i.e it can be able to dissolve in fats, oils, non-polar compounds hence they can pass through the plasma membrane with ease. 2. It is readily absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated...